No. 89CA1188Colorado Court of Appeals.
Decided December 6, 1990. Rehearing Denied January 17, 1991. Certiorari Denied July 9, 1991 (91SC99).
Appeal from the District Court of the City and County of Denver Honorable Daniel B. Sparr, Judge.
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Wittman and McCord, Sherwin V. Wittman, II; Cynthia J. Hyman, for Plaintiff-Appellant.
Frank Finger, P.C., Thomas Frank, for Defendants-Appellees.
Division IV.
Opinion by JUDGE CRISWELL.
[1] In delinquency proceedings under the Uniform Insurers Liquidation Act, § 10-3-501, et seq., C.R.S. (1987 Repl. Vol. 4A), the plaintiff, Northwestern National Insurance Co., appeals from the trial court’s declaratory judgment that denied preference under § 10-3-507(3)(c), C.R.S. (1987 Repl. Vol. 4A) to its claims against defendant, Robert D. Balzano, as the receiver for Aspen Indemnity Corp. (Aspen). We agree with the trial court that plaintiff’s claims are not entitled to preference and, therefore, affirm its judgment. [2] The trial court’s judgment was based upon the facts contained with a written stipulation of the parties. That stipulation disclosed the following: [3] Aspen was formed as a “captive” insurance company to provide liability and workers’ compensation insurance to a group of Caterpillar and other heavy equipment dealers. See § 10-6-101, et seq., C.R.S. (1987 Repl. Vol. 4A). Later, however, it was licensed under Colorado law as a multi-line fire, property, and casualty insurance company, and it began insuring property and casualty risks for parties unrelated to the members of the original group. [4] Later still, Aspen began to do business as a direct multi-line insurer in other states. However, because it was not licensed for such purpose in certain states, in order to do business in those states, it entered into an agreement with plaintiff and one of its subsidiaries, which were licensed in those states. [5] The basic agreement between the parties took the form of a “reinsurance” agreement. Under its terms, plaintiff acted as the primary insurer and issued its policies of insurance to the individual insureds. However, except for a small fee, all of the premiums charged for the policies were paid to Aspen which agreed to reinsure 100% of the risks assumed by plaintiff’s policies. In addition, Aspen formed a subsidiary corporation and plaintiff entered into an agency agreement with that corporation whereby it acted to place and to administer the policies issued. [6] All of the policies were issued in plaintiff’s name. According to the parties’ stipulation, each of them contained a provision that, upon payment under its terms, plaintiff would become subrogated to “any and all rights of the insured in reference to any and all payments it made.” [7] After Aspen was placed in liquidation and a receiver appointed, plaintiff paid various claims asserted under the policies issued pursuant to the reinsurance agreement with Aspen. It then sought reimbursement from Aspen’s receiver and asserted that its claims for reimbursement were entitled to the statutory preference described in § 10-3-507(3)(c). [8] Section 10-3-507(3) is a part of the Uniform Insurers Liquidation Act. That statute creates four general classes of claims, and it directs that the assets of thePage 690
insolvent insurer be distributed in accordance with the priorities established by it.
[9] The third class of claims, which are to be paid after payment of the first two classes, are described in § 10-3-507(3)(c) as follows: [10] “Claims by policyholders, beneficiaries, and insureds, liability claims against insureds covered under insurance policies and insurance contracts issued by the Company, and claims of the Colorado insurance guaranty association and any similar organization in another state . . . .” (emphasis added)I.
[11] Plaintiff first argues that it is entitled to have the claims asserted by it treated as class 3 claims either because it is entitled to an “equitable lien” upon Aspen’s assets or because it is an organization similar to an insurance guaranty association. We disagree.
A.
[12] The statute classifying claims for preference purposes is both specific and comprehensive. It leaves no room for the judiciary to add to the type of claims to be preferred or to establish a method of preference not created by the statute.
(D. Colo. 1978). The question presented there was whether proceeds from a reinsurer were to be paid directly to a California insurance guaranty association, in accord with a California statute, or to the Colorado domiciliary receiver under the Colorado statutes. Consistent with our analysis of the Colorado statute, the court held that, to allow the direct payment to the California association would be to subvert the underlying purpose of the Colorado preference statute. The court’s remark that the California’s association’s contentions could form the basis for the assertion of an equitable lien “to be adjudicated by the Colorado courts” indicated only that its decision did not preclude such an assertion; the comment expressed no opinion as to the validity of that assertion.
B.
[15] We are also convinced that plaintiff’s claims are not entitled to a preference under the statute on the basis that it is an “organization” that is “similar” to the Colorado Insurance Guaranty Association (Association), as it asserts it is.
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the claims to be paid by the Association are those of any reinsurer or any insurer’s subrogated claim. Section 10-4-503(4), C.R.S. (1987 Repl. Vol. 4A). See Colonial Penn Insurance Co. v. Colorado Insurance Guaranty Ass’n, 799 P.2d 448 (Colo.App. 1990).
[18] In contrast to the purpose of the Association to protect claimants and policyholders by assuming an insolvent insurer’s obligation, plaintiff’s obligations here arose out of the reinsurance agreement. The terms of that agreement disclose no altruistic intent to protect claimants and policyholders; its purpose was to create a mutually beneficial business arrangement between plaintiff and Aspen. [19] Indeed, on the face of the reinsurance agreement, it was Aspen which guaranteed 100% of the obligations assumed by plaintiff when it issued its policies. And, if it may be said that one of the parties to a reinsuring arrangement bears some similarity to the Association, it would be Aspen, the reinsurer, and not plaintiff, that would be assuming somewhat similar obligations. [20] Plaintiff argues, nevertheless, that we may go behind the face of the parties’ agreement and conclude that the parties’ motive and intent was to make Aspen the primary obligor and plaintiff the guarantor. Even if we were to reach this conclusion, however, we would still conclude that a reinsurer or a guarantor, which assumes an obligation as a result of a business transaction, is not an organization that is similar to the Association. Thus, plaintiff’s claims cannot be treated as class 3 claims under § 10-3-507(3)(c) for this reason. Accord Foremost Life Insurance Co. v. Department of Insurance, 409 N.E.2d 1092 (Ind. 1980).II.
[21] Plaintiff also asserts that, even if its claims are not entitled to preference because of its own status, it is, nevertheless, entitled to assert its claims as the subrogee of the insureds to whom it made payment. As such subrogee, it argues, it is entitled to step into the shoes of those insureds, who must be considered to be “policyholders, beneficiaries, [or] insureds” under the statute. We reject this argument.
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conclude that such subrogated claims are not claims of the type described in § 10-3-504(3)(c).
[26] There have been several instances in which a reinsured company has sought to obtain preference for claims against the insolvent reinsurer under statutes similar to the one here under consideration. And, while the theories advanced in support of such preference have varied, the requested preference has uniformly been denied. See In re Liquidation of Reserve Insurance Co., 524 N.E.2d 538 (Ill. 1988) (a reinsured is not an “insured . . . under insurance policies or insurance contracts” for purpose of preference statute); State ex rel. Long v. Beacon Insurance Co., 87 N.C. App. 72, 359 S.E.2d 508 (1987) (statute that excluded claims of “reinsurers” from preference was intended to exclude claims of all parties to reinsurance contract); Neff v. Cherokee Insurance Co., 704 S.W.2d 1 (Tenn. 1986) (reinsured’s claim is not a claim for “benefits under policies”); Foremost Life Insurance Co. v. Department of Insurance, supra (reinsured is not a “policyholder” or a “guaranty association”); Aetna Casualty Surety Co. v. International Reinsurance Co., 117 N.J. Eq. 190, 175 A. 114 (1934) (reinsured is not a “policyholder”). [27] Similarly, in the case of an insolvent reinsured, this court has refused to allow the reinsurer to set off against its liability under the reinsurance agreement the amount of premiums unpaid by the reinsured Balzano v. Bluewater Insurance Ltd., 801 P.2d 1 (Colo.App. 1990). There, we concluded that the claim was not one that was entitled to preference under § 10-3-507(3)(a),(b), or (c) and, hence, allowing a set-off would result in an improper preference. [28] In considering the various legal theories advanced by the reinsureds, all the courts were influenced by the underlying purpose of the liquidation statutes, in general, and the preference statute in particular. That purpose is to provide preferred protection to individual policyholders and claimants who, unlike a reinsured company, had little means of analyzing the risks involved in dealing with the now insolvent concern. Based upon these considerations, the courts have uniformly agreed that a reinsurance contract does not constitute a policy of insurance under the preference statute. See, e.g., In re Liquidation of Reserve Insurance Co., supra. [29] In light of these underlying policy considerations, we also conclude that plaintiff’s claims are not the claims of a policyholder, beneficiary, or insured under § 10-3-507(3)(c), even if those claims are considered to be the subrogated claims of claimants under policies issued by plaintiff. [30] The reinsurance agreement to which Aspen was a party is not a policy of insurance, and plaintiff is not a policyholder; yet, its only direct claim against Aspen is based upon this agreement. Likewise, Aspen issued no policy of insurance to any individual claimant; the sole basis for Aspen’s alleged liability to such claimants is also grounded upon the reinsurance contract. [31] Therefore, irrespective whether plaintiff is asserting the claims against Aspen in its own right or as the subrogee of the claimants who were paid by it, the basis for Aspen’s liability is the same in either event. In both cases, it is the reinsurance agreement, and not a policy of insurance, upon which the asserted liability is based. [32] We conclude, therefore, that neither plaintiff’s direct claims against Aspen for breach of contract nor the claimants’ third-party beneficiary claims for breach of contract constitute claims of a “policyholder, beneficiary, or insured” under § 10-3-507(3)(c). Thus, they are not entitled to the preference granted by that statute. [33] Judgment affirmed. [34] JUDGE MARQUEZ and JUDGE DAVIDSON concur.Page 693